Silence in the Soviet Era :: Russian History Essays

Quietness in the Soviet Era I go into a room and the principal thing I hear is quietness. In a race to turn on the CD player I drop my sack, move some garments around, and step on certain books. I don't need quietness to upset my solace. Quietness shouts and makes you consider this world and about the inquiries you never discover answers for. So you quit looking. Other than quietness is irritating from multiple points of view. I would never use for my potential benefit. At the point when a kid I had this astounding ability to stumble into difficulty for shouting out when I should have been quiet and to be hesitant when I expected to legitimize myself or tell about what was mistreating me. I would get injured, however I could never inform anyone concerning it. I would cry all alone. Words and musings would stuck in me, and...silence. I have never realized how to battle this moronic muteness, in myself or in others. While my self preoccupation influenced me, I saw that I was a satellite of my entire culture. For whatever length of time that I lived, I perceived how individuals in Belarus decided to be quiet a direct result of the dread to oppose severe systems. In the Soviet time, any individual who set out to differ was announced as a foe of the state. One morning an individual would wake up and his/her neighbor, companion, or a relative was no more. State foes were managed in most merciless manners. Some were sent to disconnection in Siberia, which implied battle to get by in Arctic conditions; others wound up in prison. In Belarus, there is a spot known as Kurapaty, a backwoods a few kilometers from the capital where ''adversaries of the state'' were brought. In the wake of being requested to burrow a pit, they were put around it and terminated at. All together around 30, 000 ordinary citizens were evaluated to be slaughtered. Albeit such constraints happened for the most part during the 30s under Stalin's standard, the main open affirmation of the occasion occurred distinctly in 1989 with the archeological disclosures of the bones and skeletons. The individuals who, understanding that dead would not represent themselves, attempted to ar range occasions to stand out for people to the recorded catastrophe, were pursued by the state volunteer army. 10 years past since that disclosure, however no open acknowledgment of the catastrophe showed up.

Effect Of Discharge Of Domestic Sewage On Coral Reefs Research Proposal

Impact Of Discharge Of Domestic Sewage On Coral Reefs - Research Proposal Example The Marine condition is continually confronted with dangers which can be connected to land-based exercises. Such exercises are urbanization, improvement of the coast for instance dig and fill tasks, ventures managing desalinization, force, and treatment facilities. Entertainment and the travel industry offices, water treatment plants, mining along the coastline and quarry exercises, oil bunkering offices lastly adjustment of the living space change and filling of the wetlands. A critical number of huge seaside advancement extends in Saudi Arabia which incorporate lodging, eateries and recreational offices have expanded in the course of the most recent couple of years and this has had far reaching influences on the marine living space and condition. The significant sewage treatment plants in Jeddah are over-burden and all things considered, treatment adequacy is low prompting low nature of gushing that is discharged into the red ocean. To add to the immediate decimation of key living spaces and marine life, suspended materials that originate from exercises, for example, dig and fill are probably going to bring about uncontrolled marine life demolition. Sedimentation prompts suffocation of benthic networks which effectsly affects the encompassing biological system, for example, the mangroves, coral reefs, and the seabeds. This prompts less efficiency of the ocean which can be seen through shrimping grounds and demersal fisheries. Is the release of residential sewage because of expanded populace in Southern Corniche in Jeddah prompting the disintegration of coral reefs?â

Is it good to be an only child Sample Essay

Is it good to be an only child Sample Essay A single child can get all the parents’ attention. A single child can be happy or unhappy because of that. There are many myths regarding the effects of being an only child that need to be proved or refuted. Taking a look at the world from the point of view of one kid in a family can make some aspects of upbringing clear and precise. About one quarter of Americans have one kid. They are supposed to give all their attention to one kid and spend most of the time with him or her. No one interrupts playing, watching cartoons and no one screams next to you in the stroller. If you are the single kid, you will receive all the gifts for all the holidays in your family. Being an only child: pros and cons More and more people ask themselves what are the pros and cons of being an only child, essay writers say there’s nothing to worry about while others are afraid of the consequences. You cannot make any parents have more babies than they want. We can only think how not to turn into monsters if there’s a chance to become the one. If we take a look at the life of a young person from outside, it may seem that this very child is not obedient and its spoilt. One of the most popular disadvantages of being an only child (psychology aspect) is feeling lonely. However, the latest researches have proved that the number of kids doesnt influence the behavior of the children directly. It mostly depends on how parents show their love and let their children be independent in some situations. If we all look around at people that surround us, we will never define for sure who has brothers or sisters. Its impossible to define by the appearance or behavior of a person. As a kid cannot regulate the number of people in his or her family, he or she will have to learn how to adapt his or her lifestyle to coexist with someone else in one apartment or house. It can be good for developing communicative skills and bad for defining personal space. There are no firm lists of so-called pros or cons of being alone or having siblings. We can only talk about some general cases that happen in most families. The pros of being an only child can be discussed for many hours in a row. We’ll give you facts about being an only child. Here are the major ones: You don’t share your mom and dad with anyone else; You don’t share your room and things with anyone else; You can play with any toy in your room yourself; No one bothers you when you want to have rest. The reasons why being an only child is bad usually come out when the kid is growing and becoming older. Here are the cons: There are no people to share your little secrets; There are no people to talk to when you feel sad; There are no people to make friends when you are away; There are no people to take care of your elderly parents except you. Of course, the list of advantages of single child could be much bigger, but researchers define these issues to be the most important for kids and teenagers. All kids are different, so one and the same thing can be both a pro and a con for several persons. Judging all the kids and their behavior only because they’re the only one is a bad idea. An example of being an only child: essay I can imagine myself having siblings. Somebody is watching me most of the time. I cannot stay alone when I need it very much. I hate sharing all my toys and my personal space with someone else. I can’t leave home and make sure nobody will know about it. I cannot have private meetings in my room or private calls. I cannot have a private life anymore. Is it depressing? Is it fun? I can imagine myself being a single kid. I’m all alone and nobody’s here to hug me. I don’t have anyone to share my toys with. I can’t go somewhere far away and leave my parents all alone. I’m always guilty for everything that I’ve done wrong as I don’t have anyone to blame. I don’t have anyone to celebrate my birthday at home or when we’re somewhere out of the home city. I can love a life of a single child. I can hate it. I choose the role and I choose the position in my life. I’m responsible for my life path and my views. My state of mood doesn’t really depend on someone or something else. I can do anything. Someone loves winter and snow while someone else hates it all. The same works with being an only child, advantages and disadvantages mean nothing if you don’t love your family or you cannot live without a close person near you. Advantages and disadvantages of being an only child: essay conclusion The world is so diverse and full of people that you cannot exist alone. Psychologists dont see the difference between the problems that people face when they have siblings and when they dont have them. Having a sister or a brother cannot be good or bad for 100%. Everything depends on the likes and preferences of a single person. Good loving parents can help overcome any hard situation in life of any kid, so thinking that single kids suffer from loneliness is not correct. Parents need to take care of every child they give birth to no matter whether they have only one or five kids.

What And When Of Cognitive Aging Essay - 705 Words

PSYC304 Section 005 Homework 4 †¨(Due to Bb or via email by 9:30am on Thursday, 11/24/15) Salthouse, T.A. (2004). What and when of cognitive aging. Current Directions in †¨ Psychological Science, 13, 140-144. Please read the article (available on Bb) and complete the following reading guide. †¨Answer all questions in your own words. 1. Why is it important to study cognitive aging? Its paramount to study cognitive aging because the term has been described for physical aging, but it is still not well understood. The cognitive functions can affect a person’s quality of life, and even the ability to live independently. Cognitive aging in early adulthood may be cognate to the development of pathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease in later adulthood. 2. When do age-related differences begin to appear? When do age-related effects become apparent to most adults? †¨ When it comes to age-related differences it appears to begin during the early stage of adulthood when a person is in their 20s. During age-related effects, its apparent before at the age of 50. For some variables, there may be an acceleration of the influences at older ages, but age-related differences are evident in early adulthood for each variable. 3. What does Figure 1 mean? Explain the findings that it is depicting. The significance for figure 1 are distinctive relationships were found for the methods and standard blunders of execution in four intellectual tests as an element of age that had 52Show MoreRelatedCognitive Impairment With Older Age1553 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Impairment With Older Age Many times, we hear our older generation complain that their memory is failing. Is it really failing or is there something else causing the memory to decline? With many studies in the area of cognitive impairment during aging, it was shown that often times it the decline is due to aging, but there are signs and symptoms that those entering their older years may want to look for, as well as those who love and care for them (National Institute on AgingRead MoreThe Aging Process For The Older Adults Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pages Successful Aging Paper Albatul Albulayhi University of the Incarnate Word â€Æ' Successful Aging Paper Aging is inevitable; as people age in the second half of life, the body often faces some challenges mentally and physically. Aging was defined by Robert Arking (1998), as a â€Å" Time-dependent series of cumulative, progressive, intrinsic, and harmful changes that begin to manifest at reproductive maturity and eventually end in death† (p. 520). The aging process for the older adults is influenced byRead MoreHow Can Society Assist Successful Aging?1586 Words   |  7 Pagesin their later stages of life. 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Biological, cognitive, and pathological forces knock on the door of survival every day intensifying its power of evil. At first, these changes are welcomed as one matures, grows stronger, and gets smarter, but it is an illusion of what is in store. These transformations slowly rob a person of who they were and what they were able to accomplish. PeopleRead MoreThe Aging Process : An Unyielding Gauntlet Between The Fantasies Of Eternal Youth And Immortality881 Words   |  4 Pagesonly as old as you feel? Mark Twain once wrote, â€Å"When I was younger, I could remember anything, whether it happened or not; but my faculties are decaying now and soon I shall be so I cannot remember any but the things that never happened. It is sad to go to pieces like this but we all have to do it† (quotegarden.com). The aging process can be an unyielding gauntlet between the fantasies of eternal youth and immortality. 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Therefore, (Denis, 2013 ) Cognition is a component of a person biological make up that is not fixed for individuals, it can be improved or decline through out the life span (Cav anaugh, 2011 ). Cognition has many different facets; cognition is not static throughout a person’s lifespan. Cognition can include memory and the rate individuals process different types of informationRead MoreResearch indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on our personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life.1669 Words   |  7 Pageslife. When people born they learn how to eat, how to move, how to read, write and another. All of these depend on our life experience, not on our characteristics. Secondly, each time when we make mistake, we try to analyze why it happened and how to prevent mistakes like this. We are developing according our mistakes. Also, parents have greatest influence on their children personality as from the early ages they teach children every aspects of life. Parents explain to their children what is right

Australia s Drug Policies And Efforts For Change Essay

United States comparative approach to Australia’s Drug Policies and Efforts for Change For as long as we have been a nation there have been criminal elements. Criminal elements are nothing new and often time’s criminal behavior is part and parcel with substance abuse. When people think of substance abuse the images that come to mind are often the work of fiction and have little to no resemblance to what the individual users adheres to. Meriam Webster’s defines substance abuse as a noun, â€Å"Overindulgence in our dependence on an addictive substance, esp. alcohol or drugs â€Å"(Merriam). Being a criminology major, I often ask myself why? Why do people gravitate towards substances and why individuals chose to follow the addictive path? Once we determine the why we can do what we criminologist do best, formulate a theory. I think understanding the societal factors of substance abuse and the correlation you can make between certain recurring themes will help better determine what pressures are in place that could influence ones’ decision making either way. The thing with criminology theory and especially socio-construct theory is that almost all areas have been covered, not trying to re-invent the wheel, but taking a different approach will still help better understand the issues at hand. The research will try to look at, what has been done and what those results show as well as what needs to be done moving forward. There are any multitude of issues that determine why someoneShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Alcohol Related Incidents On Children936 Words   |  4 Pages Research Essay Economics Andrew McWhinney â€Æ' Australia is regarded by many as a relaxed and carefree country, who enjoys a drink or two on a Sunday afternoon. As a result, BBQ’s and major sporting events have become accustom to providing and allowing the consumption of alcohol. Consequently, the negative effects caused by alcohol abuse have risen so drastically that the Australian Government has installed several practises to ultimately eradicate the outbreak of negative behaviour surrounding alcohol-relatedRead MoreIndigenous Health1510 Words   |  7 Pages Indigenous dispossession Germov,(2009) stated that the invasion and subsequent settlement of Australia by the British was declared to be terra nullius which means an unoccupied land. â€Å"The term reveals the ethnocentric belief that the indigenous occupants of the continent had no claim to the land,because they did not exploit it as Europeans would,† (Germov, 2009,p.160).Indigenous Australia were nomads and search for food from one place to another.According to Germov (2009)however,after theRead More Drug Prohibition – The solution that never worked Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pages Countries have been making drugs illegal over the years for varieties of reasons - be it to combat a perceived moral or health epidemic, to single out certain groups of people, or to reflect religious influences. 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There are several additional factors which reiterate the location as anRead MoreThe City Council s Radar929 Words   |  4 Pagesin the heart of Sydney City lies the once proud McKell Housing commission, a collection of flats that once hosted a vibrant living environment for poor families in need. However it is now an epicenter of drug abuse and violence with its most vulnerable victims being the next generation of Australia, its children. Tyson and Jai are amongst the many children aged between 10 and 16 who live in and around the area of Redfern. In the lives of these youths, fleeing the police is an everyday occurrence. CouldRead Morelegalizing marijuana1044 Words   |  5 Pagesdue to Washington and Colorado both voting to legalize marijuana in November of 2012. The Liberal and Conservative parties both have highly conflicting views on this topic, and many Canadians’ have the misconception that marijuana is a bad ‘gateway’ drug. Marijuana should be legalized in Canada because tax revenue profits will boost Canada’s economy, save millions of dollars due to ineffective antidrug campaigns, and can provide medical benefit for those who don’t qualify for medicinal marijuana. Read MoreThe Incarceration Rate For Women1978 Words   |  8 PagesAustralia has witnessed a gradual and undeniable increase in imprisonment rates for women in the last twenty years. Representing the plight of cri minalized and imprisoned women is not a straightforward task. These women do not share a single lived experience, nor do they reflect a neat and simplistic narrative of individual redemption. Drawing public attention to the predicament of criminalization and imprisonment in women allows us to understand the of rising incarceration rates and what reasonsRead MoreMadd s Death Against Drunk Driving1297 Words   |  6 Pagesalcohol or drugs, to aid the families of such victims and to increase public awareness of the problem of drinking and drugged driving. In 1984, MADD changed its name from Mothers Against Drunk Drivers to Mothers Against Drunk Driving. This carefully considered change was made because MADD is opposed to the criminal act of drunk driving, not individuals. MADD also updated its mission statement to â€Å"Mothers Against Drunk Driving provides grassroots leadership to create major social change in the attitudeRead MoreThe Health Of Human Health1243 Words   |  5 Pagespresent and age, health service is the most visible functions of any health system, both the users from the individual level of right to the whole public. It’s also contribute to inputs such as funding of money from the government, staff, equipment and drugs to allow the delivery of health interventions. Health organisation It is a broad term used in the health setting, as an organisation that deals with provision of health service deliver to any individual and to both public and private hospitals. ItRead MoreMexico Is The Largest Exporter Of Methamphetamine, And Marijuana1338 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween expectations and reality be explained? Some would offer many solutions, but the most apparent is the illegal drug market and the resulting government corruption. Mexico is the largest exporter of methamphetamine, and marijuana; it is estimated that about half a million Mexicans work in the drug trade market (Lee). Upon closer examination, however, it can be observed that the drug market is only about 3-4% of Mexico’s GDP (Lee). Although it can be argued that the eradication of this sector would

Learning Styles Like Honey And Mumford And Vak Essay

Section A: As a student I will have to collaborate with various students whom have different working and learning styles than me. Therefore, it’s important to recognise what type of learners we are in order to success in a teamwork, identify how you team learn and understand your most suitable way to comprehension details/information. According to (Browne, 2016) there are numerous learning styles like Honey and Mumford and VAK. Moreover, I believe Visual style is the best learning style to identify me. There are endless reasons, for example; I prefer learning new things from colorful images, pictures or diagrams because it has a perfect spatial comprehending for me. That’s why I made most of my power-point in the final group project with images and diagrams. Besides that, utilizing my own visual assists me to write massive notes. I usually close my eyes to imagine and recollect something (Schoolonwheels.org, n.d). I beleieve At the beginning I was very optimistic to start a new journey at CULC, until the enrolment day, when they asked me to bring my certificate or I could not enrol. My feelings started to convert towards the university and started to believe that there is no system. The reason is I know that they have my certificate. After that, I discovered that 99% of my friends have different timetable than mine. Then, I recognised that, this will be a better option for me, due too numerous factors. For instance; I will have the ability to focus more on team work, as aShow MoreRelatedPttils Assignment 1 Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesUnit 9: Understanding Inclusive Learning and Teaching in Lifelong Learning Learning outcome 1: Understanding teaching and learning strategies in lifelong learning I am a Dental Sister at Guys and St Thomas’ Hospital. I will be teaching 1st year Undergraduate Bachelor Dental Students (BDS). 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Incorporated in this I will discuss theories of ‘learning styles’, comparing and contrasting them and try to identify aspects which can impact upon my practice. I will analyse my own teaching style and that of others to see how the theories can be applied and also assess my own success in meeting the needs of the students. 1.1 Why? The information provided in this assignmentRead MoreLearning Cycle And Gibb s Reflective Cycle1926 Words   |  8 PagesInfluences on personal learning There are many influences on personal learning and what processes of learning benefits each individual. Some of these learning influences can have an impact, however they can also have benefits for others in a way of an individual sharing their knowledge with another. Within the learning sector there has been many theorists who have created learning cycles, the ones I will be talking about are Kolb’s experiential learning cycle and Gibb’s reflective cycle. Kolb’sRead MoreLearning Styles And How Each Individual Has A Dominant Way Of Learning1846 Words   |  8 PagesThe topic under discussion within this paper is that of learning styles and how each individual has a dominant way of learning. There are many types of ,learning styles which are being discussed throughtout the paper and the succussfulness of these theories. There is also a reflective account to the learning styles presentation and how effective this was within a group, presented through kolbs learning style cycle. Section one Learning styles is a way of identifying the learner’s preference in howRead MoreReport on time management, SWOT analysis, learning styles and essay and report writing7192 Words   |  29 Pagesï » ¿A Report on Time Management, SWOT Analysis, Learning styles and report and essay writing Written by: Natasha Haley Written for: Graham Pogson Date: 11/10/13 Professional Development Planning C57PD Borders Business Programme, Year 1 Contents Section Page Number 1. Summary 2. Introduction 3. Findings 2.1 Time Management 2.2 SWOT Analysis 2.3 Learning styles 2.4 Report and essay writing 4. Conclusion 5. References 6. Bibliography 7. Appendices 3.1.1 EstimateRead MoreEssay about Mod 12651 Words   |  11 Pagesjunior staff. KNOW HOW TO IDENTIFY DEVELOPMENT NEEDS Use a recognised technique to identify the learning style(s) of yourself and another member of the team. The technique I used to identify the learning style of myself and colleague was the Honey and Mumford to technique. By answering a number of questions and working out a simple calculation of the results, you can identify the preferred learning style and read a general description which should relate to my character and personality. Based onRead MoreLearning Theory, Vak, And The Learning Pyramid2495 Words   |  10 Pageswithin learning and education, there are multiple methods and techniques that individuals believe are the key to knowledge and learning. There are many theorists who have produced models to represent their views and which throughout, I will be able to use to debate my own learning experiences. Examples include Kolb’s learning theory, VAK, VARK and the learning pyramid. What is learning? Many explanations exist for the term learning and Read MoreProfessional Skills Required For A General Manager Of A Littlemore s Superstores4142 Words   |  17 Pagesdecision-making for Littlemore’s managers will help to develop personal networks, to improve flexibility and adaptability when responding to change and to ensure business success. 1.1.5 Effective communication Effective communication includes skills like non-verbal communication, attentive listening, ability to understand and to control one’s own emotions and managing stress. These skills need to be honed and developed. In my opinion effective communication is a necessary and inherent part of managementRead MoreMy Role As A Teacher1600 Words   |  7 Pagesteacher should set professional and personal boundaries, which will also set their limits and will identify what their professional role involves. However, the teacher cannot always be the right person to help the learners overcome their barriers in learning or in life; there are situations where the teacher just has to ask for help to other authorities. For a teacher, knowing how and when to refer is an important part of setting their boundaries between their role and the role of other professionals

Th Hunger Games free essay sample

The Hunger Games The book starts out in Panem where it once was North America. Panem is a TV dominated dictatorship that is ruled by the Capitol. Panem is divided into twelve districts. Every year, Panem hosts a yearly game, the hunger games. The hunger games consist of twenty four tributes, one male and one female from each district, age twelve to eighteen. The twelve tributes are chosen by lottery and are placed in a arena to fight for there life. Only one lucky winner could win the hunger games. The main protagonist, Katniss Everdeen sacrifices her life in place of her sister which was chosen to be a tribute into the hunger games. With more complication, Peeta Mellark, a bakers son was also chosen into the hunger games. With Peeta in the hunger games with Katniss, this brings this story into a nerve racking tension, thrilling action, and engaging love story. We will write a custom essay sample on Th Hunger Games or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through out the story Katniss learns how to survive in the game and comes across decisions that could end her life. The game creators exposes harmful events into the arena that brings the tributes together to kill one another for the survival of the game. Katniss chooses to be independent during the games which would help her kill the other tributes one by one with out any guilt. With Peeta in the games, Katniss struggles and her successful plans fail, which brings Katniss into another brainstorming situation. Throughout the game, situations becomes more tighter and thinking of what to do next was not a choice. At the end of the story all tight ends becomes loose but situations begins to ravel up again between Katniss and another important character. This bearing ties up the first book but it introduces the next book of The Hunger Games series.

Voices of an Emerging Nation free essay sample

Based on the readings In this unit, what do the readings In this unit reveal about diversity within the new nation? use at least three specific examples from the reading selections. Your answer should be at least one complete paragraph. Answer: The readings In this unit reveal the diversity within the new nation about American Independence. In Thomas Paines Common Sense, he is arguing for American Independence, and a government rule. Paine says that the governments sole purpose Is to protect life, liberty, and property. Paine also says that people will be appier if theyre responsible for the creation of the laws that rule them. In The Declaration of Independence it talks about the necessity of the colonists overthrowing their rulers and establishing themselves as their own separate nation. (15 points) Score 2. Throughout history, literature has been used as a form of protest. Choose two selections from this unit and explain why they can be thought of as protest literature. We will write a custom essay sample on Voices of an Emerging Nation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Discuss each selection in Its own complete paragraph. Answer: Thomas Paines Common Sense can be thought of as protest literature because Paine is arguing for American Independence and government rule. Government according to Paine is, an Institution whose sole purpose is to protect us from our own vices. , also, to protect life, liberty, and property. This means that the government is put in place to protect us. Paine believed that people would be happier if they were responsible for the laws that rule them. Through the reading, Paine Is trying to convince the people that a government is a profitable and necessary thing. Thomas Paines The American Crisis can also be thought of as a protest literature. Olaudah Equiano was a slave that had een one since age 1 1 _ When he got to the age of 21 his owner allowed him to buy himself off of slavery, and he is telling me in this story about how he felt about being a slave was very horrible for example he said that when he was 1 lyrs old he was under the deck of the ship with many slaves and he describes how crowded It was, hot and many slaves were getting diseases. 30 points) 3. What are some values that are Important to the people who live and work In the new nation? List at least three values and illustrate their importance with evidence from at least three readings. Discuss each example in its own complete paragraph.

Cognition1 essays

Cognition1 essays 10) What are some other key biases that influence judgement? Judgement seems to be influenced by a variety of things each have their own implication on judgement. Overconfidence serves as a bias on judgement. Fischhoff, Slovic, and Lichtenstein, in 1997, tested this idea. The participants were given the question "Absinthe is a: A) liquer or B) a precious stone." The subjects were to choose the correct answer, and state the probability of being correct. It was found that when the subjects were 100 percent confident in their answers, they were only correct 80 percent of the time. This provides evidence that there is in fact, a dissociation between knowledge and awareness. Another bias that influences judgement is the hindsight bias. This is commonly referred to as the Monday morning quarterback, saying "He should have...." This bias works on the premises that hindsight is 20/20. We can see the hindsight bias in many psychology experiments where the subjects are asked to predict the outcomes of an event, doing so with chance accuracy. After being told the outcomes, the subjects say that the predictions would be easy because the outcomes are obvious. What they are failing to do is to carefully compare the outcomes with reasoning, which may propagate inaccuracy. The confirmation bias is another bias which influences judgement. This bias happens in a variety of forms. First, when subjects are assessing a belief, they are more likely to seek evidence that confirms the belief than evidence that does not support it. Second, when disconfirming evidence is made available to them, subjects often fail to use it, in adjusting their beliefs. Third, subjects will forget non-supporting evidence, and show memory bias toward cases similar to their beliefs. Finally, subjects regularly fail to consider alternative hypotheses, which might explain the available data as well as the current beliefs. Logic can influence judgement to a c ...

The Ethical Implications from Marketing Cigarettes to Young People in Essay

The Ethical Implications from Marketing Cigarettes to Young People in African Countries - Essay Example The paper tells that marketers have often been critiqued for using selective marketing strategies aimed at targeting a vulnerable group. The criticism is even worse when the product being sold is harmful to the society. Other than the inordinate criticism, little has been done to deter such practices. Cigarette related harms have raised global concerns over the recent past. Although cigarette smoking and addiction have reduced in some parts of the word, the problem remains rampant in developing world such as in Africa. Majority of people in developed countries are informed on the negative health effects of addictive smoking cigarettes. Additionally, governments in most developed countries have enacted laws to prohibit marketing strategies that may result in sale of cigarettes to young people particularly children. However, most third world countries such as in Africa have no laws to prevent sale of cigarettes to young people. Cigarettes products generate a lot of revenue and third wo rld countries often allow reckless importation and marketing of cigarettes. In most third world countries, the importation as well as market of cigarettes is legal and there are no laws prohibiting sale of cigarettes to young people. This raises the ethical question regarding sale of products such as cigarettes, which cause health problems, addiction, and death. In recent years there have been considerable concerns concerning marketing of products considered harmful to humans. Following reduction of consumption of tobacco products such as cigarettes in developed world, tobacco firms are now targeting the young people in Africa. In the attempt to attract these young people, the companies have been adjusting their marketing strategies to ensure that they entice young people to use tobacco products. One strategy that the companies use includes selling of cigarettes as single stakes. This is attractive to the young people from the poor African countries who cannot afford to buy the prod uct in packets. It is appropriate to use attractive strategies in marketing to attract customers. However, this should not be the case if the marketer is aware of negative implications associated with use of a product. Moreover, targeting a vulnerable group is even more unethical. In case of British American Tobacco, there has been cases where children as young as 11 years have been involved in both smoking and selling of cigarettes, Free Markets and Marketing Marketing is an essential component for the success of any business. Companies have marketing strategies that go beyond advertisements. The marketing policies entail identifying the target market for a given product and applying market strategies likely to entice the particular market. Therefore, marketing strategies are designed to ensure that the advertisement is received and understood by the target market. However, companies are required to be responsible in the way they convey their message. This should be through use of marketing policies that are truthful and reflect ethical standards. Although the main aim of most companies is to maximize on profits, the public is increasingly demanding that companies act responsibly and ethically in their activities. In marketing, ethical issues take different forms. They include the advertisement or promotion methods used in marketing a product.

Homework Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Homework - Coursework Example The cloud disappears when the air temperature is raised by compression. The change in temperature results in evaporation of the cloud droplets. 9. It can be inferred from this investigation that in the open atmosphere where it is cloudy, air is generally rising and cooling. Burgan (123) asserts that where the atmosphere is clear, the air is generally moving in the opposite direction. 10. Generally, high pressure areas in the atmosphere tend to be clear because air in them experiences downward motion. Low pressure areas tend to have clouds because air in them experiences motion in the reverse direction. 13. In the eastern U.S., the front that had slowly been moving eastward was positioned near Buffalo, New York. The temperature and dewpoint at Buffalo at map time were 62 F and 61 F, respectively. Because the temperature and dewpoint at the surface were not equal, it indicated the air in Buffalo was not saturated. 19. On the Steve diagram, the bold irregular curve to the right is the temperature profile while the bold curve to the left is the dewpoint profile. Where the curves are superimposed, the temperatures and dewpoints are equal. The separation of the temperature and dewpoint values at and near the surface indicates that the surface air was not saturated. (From the radiosonde text data, not shown, there is a 1.7 C difference between the temperature and dewpoint at the surface.) 23. The temperatures were equal to the dewpoints from 975 mb up to about 600 mb. These equal temperature-dewpoint conditions do suggest there was an extensive, thick layer of clouds over Buffalo (Bunch,

Teaching English With Pictures

Teaching English With Pictures TEACHING ENGLISH VOCABULARY USING PICTURES TO THE SIXTH GRADE STUDENTS (A Pre-Experimental Research to the Sixth Grade Students) ABSTRACT Vocabulary is an important component in teaching English and in teaching vocabulary, teacher needs to use technique or media in order to help students to have good understanding on new words being learned. The teacher can use media, such as pictures because pictures can be used to help students become familiar with new vocabulary in an enjoyable way and pictures can motivate the students in learning vocabulary. The main objective of this study is to find out whether or not pictures can improve the students in vocabulary mastery. The research method used is experiment method or more specifically the pre-experimental design with one group pretest and posttest design. The sample is one class consisting of 39 students. Based on the data analysis, the result shows that the tobs was higher than t-table (13.197 > 1.686), so the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. It means that there was significant difference between the mean of students pretest score and the mean of posttest score. It indicates that teaching English vocabulary using pictures was effective in improving the students vocabulary mastery. Introduction English has become more important language in the world. This is because people need a universal language to communicate with other people from other countries. People who are able to speak or communicate in English will be easy to get more knowledge or informations. According to Mc Arthur (1992:571 in Kaswan 2010:8), language refers to â€Å"a human system of communication which uses structured vocal sounds and can be embodied in other media such as writing, print and physical signs.† In addition, language is a systematic means of comunicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having understood meanings (Webster’s 1961:1270 in Brown 1980:5). In order to make a good communication in English, we must have a good foundation in vocabulary and grammar. because they interact with each other to convey an idea. English as a foreign language is taught at the early age. In Indonesia English has been introduced in kindergarten and elementary school. While in junior high school and senior high school, it is a compulsory subject. Thornbury (2002:13) states that without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. It means if we spend most of our time studying grammar, we can say very little with grammar. But if we learn more words and expressions, we can say almost anything with words. According to Linse and Nunan (2005:121) vocabulary is the collection of words that an individual knows. Meanwhile, Hiebert and Kamil (2005:3) states â€Å"vocabulary is the knowledge of meanings of words. Learning vocabulary is important as a part of learning English or other foreign languages since learners learn vocabulary first before they master more complex structure†. Vocabulary is one of the most important element in the language, without vocabulary we cannot communicative effectively, according to Allen and Valette (1977: 149) â€Å"Vocabulary is an important factor in all language teaching. Students must continually be learning words as they learn structures and as they practice the sound system.† It also means that teaching in speaking, writing, reading, and listening cannot be separated from teaching vocabulary. In teaching vocabulary, teachers needs to used technique in order to help students have good understanding on new words being learned. In line with this Nation (1990:51) in Cameron (2001:85) lists some basic techniques by which teachers can explain the meanings of new words, all of which can be used in the young learners classroom. They are by using demonstration or pictures (using object, a cut-out figure, gesture, performing an action, photographs, drawings or diagrams on the board, and pictures from books). Based on Allen (1983:12) there are three ways to show the meanings of vocabulary words: Pictures Explanations in the students own language. Definitions in simple English, using vocabulary that the students already know. Furthermore, Cameron (2001: 84) states â€Å"Vocabulary needs to be met. In different activities, with new knowledge and new connections developed each time the same words are met again. Nation (1990) in Cameron (2001: 84) suggests that a new word needs to be met at least five or six times in a text book unit before it has any chance of being learn. Teaching English vocabulary using pictures is a kind of technique for students in memorizing their vocabularies easily and fast. Pictures can be used as media in teaching and learning process, especially in teaching English vocabulary. According to Allen (1983:24) â€Å"Picture helping students understand the meaning of a word†. Pictures which have been cut out of magazines and newspapers are also useful. The use of picture in teaching vocabulary is a fun activity bacause pictures can motivate for the students to learn vocabulary. Based on Thornbury (2002:80) the use of pictures or objects for teaching vocabulary can be used to present new vocabulary items, but they can be used to practice them. It also means they can explore their abilities to increase their vocabularies. Pictures can make the material is easy to understand and to help the students memorize the word easily especially by the children. The used of pictures also simple and easy to use, can makes learning more fun and the students are not bored in learning. Regarding this, Wright (1989:136) adds â€Å"Pictures can be motivated the students, made the subjects they are dealing with clear, and illustrated the general idea, and forms an object or action†. It means pictures are important to help motivated the students in learning English vocabulary and memorizing the meanings. Research Question and Hypothesis There are research question and hypothesis of the research: Research Question Teaching English vocabulary to the students will not be an easy work to do. This study seek the problem that are formulated in the following question: â€Å"Is pictures effective to improve students’ vocabulary mastery?†. Hypothesis In this research, the writer has formulated the hypothesis as follow: â€Å"Teaching English vocabulary using pictures can improve the students’ vocabulary mastery†. Objectives of the Research The study discussed the way of the teacher taught English vocabulary to the students. The writer has formulated an objective as follows: â€Å"To find out whether or not pictures can improve the students’ vocabulary mastery.† Research Methodology Research Design In this research the writer used pre-experiments with one group pretest-posttest design. According to Fraenkel. et al. ( in Kaswan and Suprijadi 2013:34) experimental research refers to research in which at least one independent variable is manipulated, other relevant variable are controlled, and the effect on one or more dependent variables is observed. The method used in this research was pre-experimental studies. Pre-experimental is a research procedure that has no control group. The observation that is done before the experiment is called pre-test and observation after the experiment is called post-test. The form of pre-experimental study that the researcher applies can be seen below (Ary et al, 2010:303). Figure 1 Pre-experimental Design Notes: 1. Apply Y1 is pre-test that is given before the teaching or the treatment. 2. Apply X, is considered as treatment given. 3. Apply Y2 is post-test that is given after having treatment. 2. Research Method In the research the writer used quantitative method. According to Kaswan and Suprijadi (2013: 13) â€Å"Quantitative research is a deductive theory-based research process that focuses primarily on testing theories and specific research hypotheses that consider finding differences and relationship using numeric data and statistical methods to make specific conclusions about phenomena†. Population and Sample Population According to Singh (2007: 88) population is a group of individuals, objects, or items from among which samples are taken for measurement. So, population is a complete set of all those things, people, numbers societies, or other that can be used in taking data sources in the research. In this case the population of the research was the sixth grade students of MI Cireundeu in academic year 2014/2015. There were 39 students as the population. Sample The writer chose the entire population as the sample. According to Webster (in Singh 2007: 88) a sample can be defined as a finite part of a statistical population whose properties are used to make estimates about population as a whole. It can be defined a set of target respondents selected from a larger population for the purpose of a survey. In addition, Tavakoli (2012: 471) defines, a sample is the smaller group which is a portion of a population. In collecting the data, the writer used pretest and posttest. The pretest was administered to know the students’ vocabulary before given the treatment. The posttest was given at the end of program to find out the difference of students achievement in vocabulary mastery after the treatment using pictures was given. To collect the data, the writer decided an achievement test that has been developed based on the material. The writer used a test that consisted of fill-in-the-blank and arrange the jumbled letters. The test consisted of 10 items and time provided to do the test was 30 minutes. Result and Discussion The Result In this research the writer used one group to collect the data. The writer gave pretest to the students to identify the students’ ability in vocabulary mastery, before giving the posttest, the writer gave treatment to the students. During the treatment, the writer taught about vocabulary using pictures. Then, the writer gave a posttest to the students to find out the students’ ability after getting treatment. The result of pretest and posttest can be seen below. Table 1 The result of pretest and posttest No Pretest Posttest D 1 70 90 20 400 2 60 70 10 100 3 65 70 5 25 4 80 100 20 400 5 80 100 20 400 6 85 100 15 225 7 70 80 10 100 8 80 100 20 400 9 75 85 10 100 10 65 80 15 225 11 60 65 5 25 12 70 85 15 225 13 60 65 5 25 14 60 80 20 400 15 65 70 5 25 16 50 65 15 225 17 60 75 15 225 18 75 85 10 100 19 50 65 15 225 20 75 80 5 25 21 65 75 10 100 22 75 100 25 625 23 70 85 15 225 24 70 80 10 100 25 70 85 15 225 26 45 60 15 225 27 70 80 10 100 28 60 70 10 100 29 60 70 10 100 30 75 75 0 0 31 70 80 10 100 32 55 60 5 25 33 80 95 15 225 34 75 85 10 100 35 65 70 5 25 36 75 85 10 100 37 65 70 5 25 38 65 80 15 225 39 40 60 20 400 SUM 2605 3075 470 6900 MEAN ( 66,4 78,4 Result of the Research by Using SPSS 17 To find out whether the data normal or not, the writer used SPSS program. This program was used for testing the assumption of normality of the data. The result of normality test can be seen below. Table 2 Tests of Normality Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic Df Sig. Pretest .138 39 .058 .951 39 .087 Posttest .132 39 .087 .935 39 .026 Based on the table above, the data was normal. It can be seen on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov column to know whether the data was normal or not. The significance of pretest was .058 and the significance of posttest was .087. It means the data was normal because the significance result of pretest and posttest were higher than .005. After the writer found that the data was normal, the writer continued with calculating the t-test. This test was used to determine whether or not there was a significant difference between teaching vocabularies using pictures to elementary school students before and after treatment. It can be seen as follow: Table 3 Paired Samples Statistics Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Pair 1 pretest 66.7949 39 10.03200 1.60641 posttest 78.8462 39 11.83558 1.89521 According to Kaswan and Suprijadi (2013:189) â€Å"standard deviation is the most widely used measure of variability of a set of data in inferential statistical procedures†. Based on the table above, Standard deviation of pretest was 10,03 and standard deviation of posttest was 11,83. Table 4 Paired Samples Test Paired Differences T Df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Pair 1 pretest – posttest -12.05128 5.70295 .91320 -13.89996 -10.20260 -13.197 38 .000 After the writer calculated the data by using SPSS program, from the result of statistic calculation the data above, t observed is 13.197 the level significance = 0.05 and the degree of freedom (df) = 38. So t-table with the level significance = 0.05 and the degree of freedom (df) = 38, the writer found the t-table was 1.686. Because tobs was 13.197 and t-table was 1.686. It means that, tobs was higher than t-table 13.197 > 1.686. The writer conclude that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted and null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected. . It means that there is a significant improvement of students vocabulary mastery after giving treatment of pictures. In other words, teaching English using pictures to the sixth grade students of MI Cireundeu was efective to improve the students’ vocabulary mastery . Discussion In this research, the writer applied the significance of 0.05 with degree of freedom (df) = N-1 (39 – 1 = 38) 1.686. As the result, t-test (13.197) was bigger than t-table (1.686). The writer concluded that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted and null hypothesis was rejected. Based on the research findings, it indicated that the achievements of the students were influenced significantly by the process of teaching and learning using pictures technique in teaching vocabulary, which had a positive effect to the students achievement. The previous studies of the research by using pictures can help the students to recognize the English vocabulary. Elsy (2013) in her research explained that the used of pictures can increase students’ vocabulary mastery. The second research conducted by Sholihah (2009). According to her research the positive effects of using pictures in teaching English vocabulary, were: pictures could improve the students’ motivation, pictures could attract the students attention, pictures help the students to memorize the vocabulary, and pictures make the teaching and learning activities interesting. Conclusions and Suggestions Conclusions Based on the research findings and discussions, the writer can conclude them as follow: The mean scores of pretest who were not taught with pictures as a media was 66,4 and the mean students scores of posttest was 78,4. The standard deviation of the pretest was 10,03 and standard deviation of posttest was 11,83. In order to know whether the difference between the two means was significant or not, t-test was applied. The result of computation was 13.197. So t-table with the level significance (É‘) = 0.05 and the degree of freedom (df) = 38, found that the t-table was 1.686. This research. showed that tobs was higher than t-table (13.197>1.686), so the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. It meant that there was significant difference between the mean of students’ pretest score and the mean of posttest score. It indicated that teaching English vocabulary using pictures was effective in improving the students vocabulary mastery. Suggestions The result finding showed that teaching English vocabulary using pictures can improve the students vocabulary mastery and based on the conclusions above, some suggestions are proposed as follow: The students’ achievement in learning vocabularies by using pictures was increase than without pictures. So, it is wise for teachers to use pictures in teaching vocabularies as teaching media for the students. Teacher should select pictures which are appropriate and familiar with the students’ the pictures should be interesting. The teacher needs to provide pictures in larger size and clearly, in order to attract students attention about the materials given. In addition, the larger size and clear pictures can make the students easy to look what the teachers showing. The teacher should be able to increase the students motivation in teaching-learning English, especially in teaching vocabularies. REFERENCES Allen, D. E. Vallete, R. M. (1977). Classroom technique : Foreign languange and English as a second language. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, inc. Allen, F. V. (1983). Techniques in teaching vocabulary. New York: Oxford University Press. Ary, D. Jacobs, C. L., Sorensen, K. C. (2010). Introduction to research in education. Canada: Cengage Learning. Cameron, L. (2001). Teaching language to young learners. USA: Cambridge University Press. Brown, H. D. (1980). Principles of language learning and teaching. United State of America: Prentice-Hall, inc. Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey 07632. Elsy, Y. (2013). Research article: Teaching vocabulary by using picture to the third grade students. Pontianak: Universitas Tanjungpura Press. Hiebert, H. E. Kamil, L. M. (2005). Teaching and learning vocabulary : Bringing research to practice. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Kaswan, et al. (2014). Metode dan teknik penulisan karya ilmiah (Usulan penelitian dan proceedings). Cimahi : STKIP Siliwangi Press. Kaswan Suprijadi, D. (2013). Research in English language education. Bandung: STKIP Siliwangi Press. Linse, T. C. Nunan, D. (2005). Practical English language teaching: young learners. USA: McGraw-Hill Companies. Mintarsih, M. (2014). Teaching speaking using pictures to the third grade of SDN Cibeber Mandiri 1. Unpublished Paper. Cimahi: STKIP Siliwangi Press. Singh, K. (2007). Quantitative social research methods. New Delhi: Sage Publications Pvt Ltd. Sholihah, H. (2009). Teaching English vocabulary using pictures to the fifth grade students of SDN Tugu Jebres No.120 Surakarta. Semarang: Universitas Sebelas Maret. Tavakoli, H. (2012). A dictionary of research methodology and statistics in applied linguistics. Tehran: Rahnama Press. Thornbury, S. (2002). How to teach vocabulary. Edinburgh gate: Longman. Wright, A. (1989). Pictures for language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Black Humor in Vonneguts Cats Cradle :: Cats Cradle Essays

Black Humor in Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   The phrase Black Humor has the broad meaning of poking "fun at subjects considered deadly serious or even taboo by some"2. This definition is simple, and yet embodies an important idea that is often lost in more complex definitions: the idea that Black Humor can actually be "fun", and provoke laughter. This is not, of course, the only important aspect of the term, and I shall explore some of the other important defining features of Black Humor before moving on to discuss its use in Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle3. Many critics have attempted definitions of Black Humor, none of them entirely successfully. The most significant recurring features of these definitions are that Black Humor works with: absurdity, ironic detachment4; opposing moral views held in equipoise, humanity's lack of a sense of purpose in the unpredictable nuclear age, the realization of the complexity of moral and aesthetic experience which affects the individual's ability to choose a course of action5; and a playing with the reader's ideas of reality6. On their own these elements don't make up what we understand as Black Humor. Combine all of these ideas with the generation of humor, particularly through incongruity, and as a method of releasing tension, 7 and I think that we are close to realizing the complexities of Black Humor. But perhaps the best definition of all comes from a Black Humorist - Vonnegut himself. Black humorists' holy wanderers find nothing but junk and lies and idiocy wherever they go. A chewing gum wrapper or a used condom is often the best they can do for a Holy Grail.8 What, then, are Vonnegut's uses for Black Humor in his novel Cat's Cradle? I believe he has three primary uses, which are: entertainment; furthering the novel's themes; and raising self-awareness in the reader. Entertainment Vonnegut believes that writers can influence people's ideas profoundly. In one of his many speeches he stated the following: We will become influential when those who have listened to our myths have become influential. Those who are influential now are living in accordance with myths created for them by writers when they were young. It is perfectly clear that our rulers do not question those myths for even a minute during busy day after busy day. Let us pray that those terribly influential writers who created those our leaders' were humane.

Scaling Social Entrepreneurship

Social Entrepreneurship Should Address the Large Social Problems 53 VII- Scaling Social Entrepreneurship 58 VIII- The Conclusions 81 Footnotes 5 Many people stimulated my thinking on social entrepreneurship during my years at the non-profit foundation One Laptop per Child (OLAP). Their ideas may not be fully acknowledged in this book. I would like to thank Giuliani Atomic, Marina Cortes, Chuck Kane, Walter Bender, and Miguel Brenner for their friendship, patient explanations and insights that enabled me to hopefully better understand social problems and how social entrepreneurship can be applied to achieve solutions to such problems.Chuck also arranged for me to teach a course in social entrepreneurship each January in 2011-2015 at the MIT Sloan School of Management. Richard Bernstein of Greenberg Trauma should also be recognized for bringing me the opportunity to work for the first time In my career in the non-profit sector. As explained in the following Introduction, a single comme nt by Nicholas Negotiate led me to write this book. Another comment from Nicholas may be the basis for my third book. Any errors in this book are solely my responsibility.Many people encouraged me to write a book about OLAP. I elected not to do such a book but rather to more generally discuss the lessons I learned about how to scale a social entrepreneurship project. For more on the philosophy and history of OLAP I My favorite OLAP picture. West Bank 2010 8 Introduction From September 2009 until April 2013 1 served as the CUFF of One Laptop per Child Association. The mission of OLAP is to provide a modern education through a connected laptop to every child in the developing world.Nicholas Negotiate, Seymour Paper and several other professors and staff at the MIT Media Lab founded OLAP in 2005. Nicholas was the co-founder of the oral famous MIT Media Lab and Seymour, his colleague at the Media Lab, was one of the leading authorities in the area of how to facilitate child learning thr ough computers. When Nicholas founded the MIT Media Lab he adopted two principles that established the culture of the organization: 1. â€Å"Demo or die† 2. â€Å"Do the impossible† â€Å"Demo or die† basically determined the type of research that was desired.Rather than writing academic papers, students at the Media Lab were required to develop working prototypes, either physical working models or working computer code for computer-based solutions. Paper's views on constructionist and constructivism in learning probably contributed to this approach. Alan Kay, another MIT faculty member of considerable distinction, may have also influenced this tenet. â€Å"Do the Impossible† defined the types of problems that were acceptable to work on and was based on the thinking of the legendary MIT professor Marvin Minsk.Students were encouraged to work on large, difficult problems where the technology for a solution did not already exist. This focus on large problem s is consistent with the concept in entrepreneurship to focus on large market opportunities, although at the Media Lab it was understood that the sponsors of the Media Lab would license and commercialism the new technology developed. This orientation toward large, difficult problems guided the philosophy and development of OLAP Loop's mission is to provide a laptop to 1. Billion children in primary schools throughout the world. To achieve this end OLAP needed a solution that would scale on several dimensions. In one of our occasional discussions said to Nicholas that OLAP, although it originated as a detonative non-profit, was a great example of social entrepreneurship. Nicholas spooned, â€Å"social entrepreneurship does not scale. † As was the case several times, Nicholas made a single statement that prompted me to go off and think about an issue-?sometimes for several years-? which resulted in this book. Note: Nicholas' view of the limitations of social entrepreneurship is based on a belief that to achieve scale in solving social problems an organization had to engage national governments around the world. Such governments were much more likely to â€Å"partner† with non-profits that did not have the profit motive of an entrepreneur. ] Prior to OLAP I spent 30 years working in the private sector and twenty of hose years I worked outside the U. S. I have worked in over forty countries, mostly in Asia 10 and Latin America, and I lived in Peru and Indonesia.One advantage of spending so much time overseas is that I was able to first hand observe a country's development over a significant period of time. With the exception of China, every country that I visited beginning in the 1 sass exhibited a significant improvement in the standard of living by the start of the 21 SST century through the capitalist system of free enterprise. The examples I would cite to demonstrate my point would include Mexico, Singapore, Korea,Taiwan, Peru and Thailand, all o f which were very undeveloped countries in the early 1 sass and today are vibrant economies with a significant improvement in the standard of living. While stable governments, democracy and globalization were all contributing factors in certain countries, see capitalism as the one common factor in the countries I cited and in many other countries. Based on my own experience I have great confidence in capitalist, profit companies as a way to improve peoples lives anywhere in the world and thereby address social needs.During the financial crisis of 2008 when the world economic system purportedly came close to collapse, the issue of the morality of capitalism re- emerged as a popular topic and encouraged the growth of social entrepreneurship. History often paints capitalism as fundamentally amoral, lacking a moral system. Milton Friedman's now famous dictum that the purpose of a corporation is to maximize shareholder returns did much to popularize the absence of morality in capitalism. However, to criticize capitalism for a lack of morality based on the egregious behavior of a few individuals is comparable to criticizing the social system of 11 â€Å"government† because of the behavior of Hitler or Stalin. It is the people pirating the social system that may be immoral and generally not the system itself. My belief that capitalism can behave morally and make a social contribution is in part based on the nine years spent working in Indonesia. Indonesia is one of the poorest countries in Asia with per capita income of $600 or about $2 per day during most of the time I lived there (1990-1999).With a lot of other people helping, I built a billion dollar retail company in seven years that purchased $700 million dollars a year in locally manufactured merchandise, created 20,000 new retail jobs, built out one million square feet of retail space ere year and was one of the largest private sector tax payers in the country. These activities had a positive social and economic benefit beyond just our employees for thousands of other workers and their families in Indonesia. No socially motivated MONGO, multi-lateral bank or non-profit organization improved the number of lives we benefited operating a for-profit company.Perhaps only the Indonesian government affected more people than this private retail company. The point here is not to toot my horn but rather to show the positive impact in a poor country of a large, private, for-profit many with no explicit â€Å"social† mission. This confidence in the capitalist system instinctively makes me suspect of the need for the adjective â€Å"social† to modify entrepreneurship. (This may be similar to the debate in microeconomics over whether â€Å"utility† needed the modifier â€Å"marginal†. â€Å"Social† to modify entrepreneurship implies that this form of entrepreneurship is 12 more focused on societal, economic and environmental problems than traditional entreprene urship. Also implied is the idea that creating social value is better or preferred to merely creating economic value. Setting aside he problem of how one might measure â€Å"social† value, would question the premise that we even need a distinction for the social value component in social entrepreneurship, particularly given my experience in Indonesia.Despite my reluctance to acknowledge â€Å"social† as a meaningful distinction in entrepreneurship, I have organized this book on social entrepreneurship to develop the following themes: Why social entrepreneurship emerged as a new â€Å"business model†, which includes an argument for how to combine capitalism and morality as an integrated approach (Chapter I-The Emergence of Social Entrepreneurship in he 21st Century) The government's defined role as the sole provider of â€Å"public good† has been relaxed, opening the door for the private sector to provide social services (Chapter II- Government and the Pub lic Good) The non-profit movement has influenced the development Of social entrepreneurship, resulting in social entrepreneurs erroneously electing non- profits status.Such an election restricts access to capital markets (in my experience) and deprives them of a key resource to scale their organizations 13 which we call â€Å"society' and the former [state] ought to provide merely a Hayes rotational entrepreneurship have made a significant contribution to addressing social problems worldwide. (Chapter VIII-The Conclusions) 15 Chapter I-The Emergence of Social Entrepreneurship in the 21 SST Century Many believe that social entrepreneurship emerged as an alternative form of entrepreneurship in the first decade of the 21st century because more and more people were turning away from â€Å"big business† in order to â€Å"do good† and â€Å"save the world†. While true for some individuals, I believe that four factors explain the emergence of social entrepreneurship: 1. A Nobel prize for Muhammad Nuns . A renewal of the question of whether capitalism is moral 3.A wide spread recognition that government alone cannot solve social problems 4. The writings of C. K. Parallax and Clayton Christensen Muhammad Nuns and C. K. Parallax deserve much of the credit for the emergence of social entrepreneurship. The fact that Nuns is from Bangladesh and Parallax is from India is not a coincidence, but rather the basis for their more profound understanding of the dynamics of developing markets and their populations. Social entrepreneurship gained international acclaim when Muhammad Nuns on the Nobel Prize in 2006 for his micro-lending activities in Bangladesh. Providing loans to foster economic development for very poor people had never been done on a large scale prior to Nuns' Grahame Bank.Grahame Bank is now one of the largest companies in the world using social entrepreneurship as its business model, with 16 annual revenues in 201 1 exceeding $170 million. T om's Shoes, to be discussed in Chapter V, may indeed be larger, but I could not find any reliable information on annual revenues. The key factor to explain the success Of the Nuns' program was that poor people actually do repay their loans (despite life to the contrary by many). I learned the same lesson in Indonesia in the asses building a credit card program for customers that earned only $1000 per year. The economic crisis of 2007 re-opened the debate from the asses about the morality of capitalism and the reasons for renewed debate were the same.A period of high economic growth and significant wealth accumulation was followed by a period of major economic collapse. Such wide swings in the economy were perceived as the fault of the capitalists and their immoral behavior, as evidenced by all the average people whose lives were disrupted hen the economy crashed. Faced With such stern criticism and claims of immorality, a natural outgrowth was for everyone, including for-profit corp orations, to act in ways that were more socially responsible. One derivative idea was social entrepreneurship. Harvard Business School (HOBS) weighed in with several articles in support of capitalism and social responsibility.After all why do we need a business school if capitalism is doomed to collapse under the weight of its immoral behavior? Michael Porter, the world-renowned strategy professor at the school, described the situation after 2007: 17 The capitalist system is under siege. In recent years business increasingly has been viewed as a major cause of social, environmental, and economic problems. Companies are widely perceived to be prospering at the expense of the broader community. † porter's solution is the concept of â€Å"shared value†, which he defines as: creating economic value in a way that also creates value for society by addressing its needs and challenges†¦ He concept of shared value†¦ Recognizes that societal needs, not just conventional economic needs, define markets. It also recognizes that social harms or weaknesses frequently rate internal costs for firms-?such as wasted energy or raw materials, costly accidents, and the need for remedial training to compensate for inadequacies in education. † 1 A classic example of shared value is a company that should avoid polluting a river because the pollution kills the company's potential customers down river. If this example does not move you to reconsider the morality of capitalism, other professors at HOBS offered perhaps more persuasive arguments.Rebecca Henderson and Karachi Raman from HOBS produced a paper titled â€Å"Managers and Market Capitalism†. Long overdue, in my opinion, the authors introduce the need for morality in capitalism. The paper argues that businesses have a moral responsibility in addition to Milton Friedman's economic dictum to maximize shareholder returns. The authors argue that businesses have a moral 18 obligation to serve societ y by preserving free markets and capitalism and not just satisfy the self-interest of shareholders. Essentially if capitalism and free markets were to end, the shareholders would be harmed by a significant or total loss in the value of their shareholdings.Therefore, egregious behavior, such as the 2007 financial crisis, undermines the integrity of capitalism and ere markets and is therefore immoral. Although the authors did not extend the argument, I believe that they would agree that more socially responsible behavior by corporations fosters more confidence in capitalism and thereby benefits shareholders. Many argue implicitly or explicitly for the need for more social ventures, including social entrepreneurship, due to the lack Of a moral compass in for-profit ventures as a result of the underlying concept of self-interest. I believe that Henderson and Raman present a simple logic that shows for-profit managers a reason for moral behavior-?the reservation of the capitalist system. While it may not meet the standards of the Ten Commandments or other well-known moral systems, preserving the capitalist system does provide the basis to infuse capitalism with an easily understood morality-?act in ways which foster an appreciation and respect for capitalism by society. All but the most die-hard communist should see value in the argument. If not yet convinced about the role Of morality in capitalism, Herbert Simon, the 1978 Nobel Prize winner in economics offers support to introduce morality in capitalism. Simon developed the concept of bounded rationality– sections can only be optimal and never maximized. Bounded rationality offers for-profit managers the 19 â€Å"flexibility† for considerable moral and socially beneficial behaviors to perpetuate the capitalist system. Optimal decisions are by definition a matter of interpretation and not held to the more rigorous standard of minimization.

Macbeth And The Prince By Niccolo Machiavelli - 1801 Words

Macbeth and The Prince Niccolà ² Machiavelli describes the actions and qualities of a glorious prince in his novel The Prince. His assertion about a leader for a country can be used to evaluate Macbeth as a king in Shakespeare’s play Macbeth. Macbeth took similar actions and had similar qualities of the ideal prince that Machiavelli characterizes. In light of reading Macbeth, the conclusion can be made that Machiavelli is wrong in the case of Macbeth because he is not a noble or memorable leader. In this essay, I will discuss my reasoning behind my conclusion that Macbeth was a bad ruler and the evidence that supports how Macbeth is a counter example to Machiavelli’s assertion. First, there are many reasons that lead up to my conclusion that Macbeth was not a noble or glorious leader. The biggest evidence is how he attained his power. Macbeth commits treason and murders King Duncan in order to fulfill his desire to become king. Not only did he betray his country and h is close comrade, but he also framed the crimes on the king’s body guards (pg 55). A noble leader is one who upholds virtues of a honorable man, not one who murders for his own personal gain. It could be said that a wise leader must kill in order to keep his country safe, but in this case Macbeth is not killing for the sake of Scotland. I cannot say that a good leader never needs to use action or force, but a good leader knows the circumstances to use those tactics. Now this act alone does not prove thatShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare’S Macbeth Remains As A Crucial Play1705 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Macbeth remains as a crucial play in understanding the central concepts that shape modern Western civilization. The novel dramatizes the mental and physical impacts of those pursuing political power. For centuries, medieval and Renaissance civilizations were assured of a harmony between political and religious ideals. Audiences during Shakespeare’s time were familiar with kingdoms that incorporated religious aspects into their political systems. In Scotland and England, the